Talat Afroze, PhD (Molecular Biology), Univ of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
Published in 1931 from Lucknow, British India, by four young forward-thinking writers and immediately banned by the British Indian government, this collection of short stories (Angaarey) [1] launched the Progressive Writers Movement[2]. The top Urdu writers and poets of British India joined this powerful literary movement that changed the face of Urdu Literature and helped Indian and later Pakistani society transform itself from a medieval mindset to liberal and secular ideas in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s of the twentieth century. The central tenet of the Progressive Writers Movement was exposing the falsehoods and injustices hiding behind traditional social customs in Indian and later Pakistani society and make an effort to educate the public through progressive writings and poetry. The complete text of Angaarey [1] is available for free at the largest Urdu literature website “Rekhta” headquartered in the planned city of Noida near Delhi, India.
What is the significance of Angaarey to Pakistani history?
The Pakistan Movement had its beginnings in the establishment of the All India Muslim League in 1906 (Dhaka, Bengal, British India) and the speech made by Allama Mohammad Iqbal in 1930 at the annual meeting of Muslim League in Allahabad (Allahabad address) explaining the aspirations of the Muslim population of British India for a homeland. This led to the return of Mohammad Ali Jinnah from Hampstead, England in 1935 to lead the Muslim League in contesting the 1937 provincial elections in British India. In 1942, the Muslim League presented a blue print for Muslim independence from British colonial rule in the form of the Lahore Resolution at the present site of Minaar e Pakistan, Lahore.
The Progressive Writers Movement represented Urdu writers and poets who dreamed of a secular, progressive homeland leaning towards Marxism and Socialism to solve social and economic inequality existing in the future Republic of Pakistan. A major faction of the traditional Muslim elite were opposed to the secular and liberal ideas embedded in the Progressive Writers Movement. This faction of the Muslim elite included Sikander Hayat Tiwana whose Unionist Party won more than a hundred seats in the 1937 elections and religious leaders like Maulana Maududi [3] of the Jamaat-e-Islami and Mufti Mehmood [4] of Mianwali who strongly opposed the creation of Pakistan. Also included were feudal landlords, industrialists, bankers, and those of the Muslim elite who were serving at high posts in the British Indian civil service.
Pakistani poet and political historian Yusuf Hassan has quoted secret documents released under the Freedom of Information Act of USA which revealed that shortly after Independence, the Pakistani and Indian governments exchanged lists of progressive writers and political workers of the Communist Party of India who had migrated to either Pakistan or India. These lists included the name of Mrs. Rasheed Jahan [Angaarey author] [5] who belonged to the Communist Party of India and contributed all her pay as a medical doctor to the party. It is alleged by Yusuf Hassan [2] that these lists were used by the Pakistani Establishment and its spy agencies (CID and Special Branch) to persecute, imprison, and torture left leaning Pakistanis who were either members of the Progressive Writers Movement or political workers of the Communist Party of Pakistan.
A glaring example is the persecution of Saadat Hasan Manto [6], a leading Progressive Writer, by Justice Mohammad Munir who later used the Doctrine of Necessity [7] to validate the extra-constitutional use of emergency powers by Governor General Ghulam Mohammad in 1954. Manto was tried for the crime of writing obscene literature in 1950. He won in the lower court but then a bigoted and biased Pakistan High Court judge, Justice Mohammad Munir, overturned the lower court judgement and found Manto guilty of creating obscene short stories. Manto was not imprisoned but was let off with a strict warning to stop writing his controversial short stories that were making young Pakistanis think in a liberal and progressive fashion. Manto was effectively banned from writing, lapsed into mental depression, took to drinking heavily, was temporarily admitted to an alcohol addiction rehabilitation program in the Mental Asylum, Lahore, and died at his home at Lakshami Mansion, Beadon Road, Lahore in 1955 (five years after the court verdict) at the age of 43.
The crackdown on the Progressive Writers Movement by the Pakistani Establishment continued in the 1950s. When the Pakistan Army had failed to secure Sri Nagar in the first war between Pakistan and India that lasted from October, 1947 to 1st January 1949, General Akbar Khan believed that timely supply of troops may have led to the capture of Sri Nagar. General Akbar began secret discussions among his Army friends and like-minded friends belonging to the Progressive Writers Movement about replacing the weak political governments of early Pakistan with a direct role of the Pakistan Army in Pakistani politics. These discussions reached a peak in March, 1951 with meetings held in Rawalpindi at Gen. Akbar’s residence and attended by Sajjad Zaheer (Angaarey author) [8] and Faiz Ahmad Faiz, another leading poet of the Progressive Writers Movement. On 9 March, 1951, the Pakistani authorities followed Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan’s orders and foiled the conspiracy by arresting and jailing General Akbar Khan, his wife Naseem Shahnawaz Khan, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Sajjad Zaheer, Hasan Nasir (Progressive Writers Movement revolutionary poet, Communist Party of Pakistan member) and many others. In the days following 9 March, 1951, mass arrests were initiated in connection with the Rawalpindi Conspiracy case [9]. Progressive Writer and leftist leaning poet Sahir Ludhianvi was tipped off by some fans of his poetry in the government about his impending arrest and was forced to leave Pakistan via a flight from Walton airport, Lahore to return to India. The trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy case continued for 18 months, leading to prison terms and court martials. The political prisoners were defended by their lawyer, Husain Shaheed Suhrawardy [9]. When Suhrawardy became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1957, he obtained a pardon for most of the conspirators: Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Hasan Nasir, and Sajjad Zaheer were all pardoned in 1957 [9]. Sajjad Zaheer left Pakistan to return to India where he secured Indian citizenship with the help of Pandit Nehru. Hasan Nasir was deported to Hyderabad, Deccan, India.
Another example of the persecution of Progressive Writers is the case of Hasan Nasir [10].
Hasan Nasir (1928-1960) hailed from Hyderabad, Deccan, India, was a grandson of Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk (founding member of All India Muslim League) and was a revolutionary Urdu poet belonging to the Progressive Writers Movement as well as being a vigorously active member of the Communist Party of Pakistan. He was a student leader at Osmania University, Hyderabad Deccan, India and organized protests in support of the Telangana Peasant Struggle. In 1947, Hasan Nasir received an invitation from the eminent progressive writer Sajjad Zaheer [8] and left India to come to Pakistan. He organized the poor peasants of Sindh in a manner similar to the Telangana Peasant Struggle. He mobilized the workers of Karachi port, Oil mills, Textile, and other mill workers to carry out a Marxist class struggle. He suggested that the Progressive Writers’ Association (Anjuman Tarraqi Pasand Mussanafin ) in Pakistan should create works of fiction to depict the struggle of the working class in Pakistan. In the mid-1950s, Qamar Yoorish [11], a Pakistani Labor Leader and Urdu short story writer from Lahore began writing stories about the problems of Pakistan’s working class.
After four years of political struggle in Pakistan (1947-1951), Hasan Nasir was arrested in the Rawalpindi Conspiracy case along with Faiz Ahmad Faiz and Sajjad Zaheer and spent six years in prison (1951 to 1957). In 1957, Pakistani authorities pardoned and deported him to India when Faiz, Sajjad Zaheer, and others were pardoned and released from jail. Hasan Nasir spent two years (1957-1958) in exile in Hyderabad, Deccan, India and secretly returned to Karachi, Pakistan in 1958 (the year of Pakistan’s first Martial Law). Hasan Nasir remained underground in Karachi and continued to organize the Worker-Peasant Movement in rural Sindh and mobilize industrial workers in Karachi. He was elected as Secretary of the Communist Party of Pakistan (Sindh branch) and was invited to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Pakistan. Pakistani spy agencies informed Pakistan’s dictator General Ayub Khan about Hasan Nasir’s political activities that were uniting Pakistan’s working class in Karachi and Sindh. In 1960, another case was filed against Hasan Nasir and he was arrested.
It is alleged that Hassan Nasir was murdered by religious fanatics in 1960 inside Lahore Fort’s infamous underground prison. The Soviet press of the day alleged that he was killed in prison. When the Pakistani Human Rights Commission complained to the court about the incident, the court summoned Hasan Nasir’s mother from Hyderabad (Deccan), India and Nasir’s body was exhumed from Lahore’s Miani Sahib graveyard for identification. It was reported by the local press in Lahore that upon viewing the exhumed body, Hasan Nasir’s mother said that this was not the body of her son and that there was no resemblance between the body and her son.
It is significant that the Rawalpindi Conspiracy case arrests were made in March, 1951, and Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in October, 1951, followed by General Ayub Khan declaring Martial Law in 1958. The death warrant of the Progressive Writers Movement was signed by dictator General Ayub Khan when he passed the Press and Publications Ordinance in 1963 [12, 13] to control newspapers and curb freedom of expression in Pakistan. Over the next two decades (1970s and 1980s), most Progressive Writers of Pakistan including Ahmad Mushtaq [14] (Nasir Kazmi‘s close friend) and Abdullah Hussein (author of Udaas Naslein [15] and Naadaar Logue [16]) either migrated to the West (UK, USA, Canada, Europe), or adopted symbolism to express dissent, or started using Hindu and Sikh characters in their stories to avoid persecution by making the case that their stories were not about Pakistan (Jamila Hashmi [17], author of Aatish e Rafta and mother of Ayesha Siddiqa [18] who wrote Military Incorporated [18] to expose the commercial activities of the Pakistan Army) or stopped publishing their works of fiction (Zahid Dar, poet [19, 20]). Pakistani society began a long and slow descent into a medieval culture where human rights, women’s rights, children’s rights took a back seat and a brutal reign of terror and Islamic Fundamentalism was unleashed upon the people of Pakistan by an all-powerful Pakistani Establishment who is alleged to have spawned and sponsored several fundamentalist Islamic political parties and militant Lashkars. The Muhajir Qaumi Movement launched in 1992 is alleged to have been a secular experiment of Pakistan’s Establishment that was later financed and trained via dictator General Musharraf. The Pakistani Establishment is also alleged to have recruited their lackeys consisting of judges like Justice Mohammad Munir (banned Manto from writing, pioneered first use of Doctrine of Necessity), Justice Anwarul Haque (passed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s death sentence), Justice Moulvi Mushtaq, Justice Naeem Hassan Shah and civil servants like Ghulam Ishaq Khan who is alleged to have secretly informed General Ziaul Haq that an agreement was imminent between the Opposition Parties and Pakistan People’s Party on the night of 4th July, 1977, prompting General Zia to impose Martial Law on 5th July, 1977.
References and an Annotated Reading List:
1. Angaarey: Ten Urdu short stories by Syed Sajjad Zaheer, Mrs. Rasheed Jahan, Ahmed Ali, and Mahmud-ul-Zafar.
Complete Text of Angaarey is available for free at Rekhta:
https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/angare-das-mukhtasar-kahaniyon-ka-majmua-sajjad-zaheer-ebooks?pageId=04DFCD58-A12E-4164-A151-2C2F70A43898&_ga=2.267024590.1797011496.1733495639-346735233.1733495639
2. An account of Progressive Writers Movement by Yusuf Hassan
http://www.dareechah.com/hum_kahaan_se_chale_thay/progressive_writers_movement_india_pakistan
3. Maulana Maududi opposed the creation of Pakistan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi
4. Mufti Mehmood opposed the creation of Pakistan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Mehmood
5. Mrs. Dr. Rasheed Jahan: One of the four Authors of Angaarey collection of short stories.
http://www.dareechah.com/hum_kahaan_se_chale_thay/dr_rasheed_jahan_short_story_writer_playwright
6. Saadat Hassan Manto: The foremost story writer of the Progressive Writers Movement.
http://www.dareechah.com/urdu_fiction_writers/saadat_hasan_manto
7. Doctrine of Necessity and Justice Mohammad Munir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity
8. Sajjad Zaheer and Progressive Writers Movement
http://www.dareechah.com/hum_kahaan_se_chale_thay/sajjad_zaheer_progressive_writers_movement__the_left
9. Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_conspiracy
10. Hasan Nasir: Progressive Writer, Secretary of Communist Party of Pakistan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasir
11. Yaaran e Maikada (Pen Sketches of Writers and Poets) by Qamar Yoorish.
http://www.dareechah.com/hum_kahaan_se_chale_thay/qamar_yoorish_short_story_writer
12. Press and Publications Ordinance 1963 by dictator General Ayub Khan:
https://www.scribd.com/document/521124098/ppo
13. 2002 repeal of the Press and Publicaitons Ordinance:
https://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/press-publications-ordinance-1963-repealed/
14. Ahmad Mushtaq, a poet and member of the Progressive Writers Movement:
http://www.dareechah.com/modern_urdu_ghazals-1/ahmad_mushtaq_ghazals
15. Udaas Naslein by Abdullah Hussein.
A candid and down to earth account of how a farming family from Indian Punjab is transformed by the events of the Partition of India in 1947, migrate to Lahore, and begin their new life in Model Town, Lahore.
https://www.amazon.com/Udaas-Naslain-Abdullah-Hussain/dp/B07LGBL8YX
16. Naadaar Logue Part-1 by Abdullah Hussein.
A revealing account of the life of a peasant family in Punjab, Pakistan as they witness forced recruitmen into the British army in the First World War, through Partition, to the elder brother of the family becoming a prominent Labour leader and joining the Pakistan Peoples Party and culminating in the secret delivery of a classified Military document to the Labour Leader. Part-2 was worked on for about 4-5 years by Abdullah Hussein before his demise and its draft remains in the custody of the author’s family in Lahore. It has not been published even though the author passed away in July, 2015.
https://www.amazon.com/Nadar-Log-Urdu-Abdullah-Hussain/dp/9693506707/ref=sr_1_6?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.L-W-OMbdcCFckQGEtLLpsE0bLK14w5cLaT7fcVHJPr_RGOgrE_Q9VbTW9vAx_SqN91lLyij7dvsREf8sDhUoYMbn_804Jw7sxoSqSMe4OvWAJepTKvuszYI8LMgPskiAKHYxpMTdPIln9Es9RKgv5fhqzumnsuqF6RTDUYNoVrHEg_P6NQTtRT3v8r4BVzau5EYsPIAGTiRoFrbBUi5udIB3-f5_ZRWi9cB-qNvRGZw.8H4YWlx_8sdjr3tJa6l4CguOPZF4Y3SaFSHUzGNL9L0&dib_tag=se&qid=1733528038&refinements=p_27%3AAbdullah+Hussain&s=books&sr=1-6&text=Abdullah+Hussain
17. Jamila Hashmi, author of Aatish e Rafta:
http://www.dareechah.com/urdu_fiction_writers/jamila_hashmi
18. Military Incorporated by Ayesha Siddiqa.
https://www.amazon.ca/Military-Inc-Inside-Pakistans-Economy/dp/0745399010/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1630B8ZZAUY29&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.UCP9q3eTzApx4yiye994jA.UzDy2uIRLr8al–cCRBSoAa_ivv5D_WSDmiaphIH0rg&dib_tag=se&keywords=Military+Incorporated+by+Ayesha+Siddiqa&qid=1733526792&s=books&sprefix=military+incorporated+by+ayesha+siddiqa%2Cstripbooks%2C68&sr=1-1
19. Select poems of Zahid Dar, a Progressive Writer of Pakistan:
http://www.dareechah.com/modern_urdu_poems/zahid_dar_poems
20. Biographical Note about Zahid Dar, a member of the Progressive Writers Movement
http://www.dareechah.com/modern_urdu_poems/zahid_dar__biography
21. The Myth of Independence by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
https://www.amazon.com/Myth-Independence-Not-Available/dp/0192151673/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.rAAgcpUHBJodz62aYHcn9hfiqW5n6BfGpVuERrxpj6HGjHj071QN20LucGBJIEps.B5YMXZdL1_7DDGviuQcQtgudkwQChqHR12tLbRZuSKE&dib_tag=se&qid=1733529065&refinements=p_27%3AZulfikar+Ali+Bhutto&s=books&sr=1-1
Bhutto’s diagnosis of the predicament of Pakistan and a foreign policy designed by Bhutto to resolve its contradictions.
22. If I am Assassinated by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
https://www.vanguardbooks.com/book/if-i-am-assassinated/
This book was written by deposed Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during his imprisonment in Adiala Jail, Rawalpindi, Pakistan and smuggled out of jail by his daughter Benazir Bhutto.
It predict the events that occurred after Bhutto was killed via a Judicial Murder.
23. Zia-ul-Haq and I by Pakistan Army officer Abdul Qayyum and close friend of Dictator Gen. Ziaul Haq.
Published in 1997 by ICTTS, Ali Plaza, First floor, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan and printed at The Army Press, Rawalpindi, this is a rare book and I have a physical copy of it in my personal library. A riveting account of the facade of Islam (Islamic touch) maintained by Army officer Ziaul Haq during the years he served under Sahibzada Yaqoob Ali Khan at Kharian cantonment and the dramatic change in Zia’s behavior as soon as he became Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan from 1977 to his assassination in August, 1988.
A used copy of the book is available from Pakistani Facebook bookstore “Bookfinder”
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php/?story_fbid=426603582572809&id=106322637934240
24. Waiting for Allah by Christina Lamb.
A critical account of Pakistan’s history, highlighting many flaws in the national narrative espoused by the Pakistani State.
https://www.amazon.ca/Waiting-Allah-Christina-Lamb/dp/0241130557
25. Breaking the Curfew by Emma Duncan (later became Editor of the presigious British journal The Economist.
https://www.amazon.ca/Breaking-Curfew-Emma-Duncan/dp/071812989X
26. Uprising in Pakistan: How to Bring Down a Dictatorship by Tariq Ali.
https://www.amazon.ca/Uprising-Pakistan-Bring-Down-Dictatorship-ebook/dp/B07561C6JS/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2BB8L1LTE65UY&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.x6rCSO4WRswnjYUfmKzjPw.vf4YGi-KNQP4KRM4bFoHybQfIxCEJnuX6b-C93j74Ao&dib_tag=se&keywords=Uprising+in+Pakistan+Tariq+Ali&qid=1733526600&s=digital-text&sprefix=uprising+in+pakistan+tariq+ali%2Cdigital-text%2C71&sr=1-1
Tariq Ali is the son of prominent independent journalist Mazhar Ali (weekly Viewpoint, Lahore) Pakistan 1968: the history of a revolution.
About this book: Even as they were taking place, the events that shook Pakistan in 1968–69 were underplayed in the Western media. Following a long period of tumult, a radical coalition—led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto—brought down the military regime of Field Marshal Ayub Khan, just as it was celebrating its tenth “glorious” anniversary.
Students, soon joined by workers and later by virtually every subaltern social stratum (including sex workers), took on the state apparatus of a corrupt and decaying military dictatorship created and backed by the United States. They were joined by workers, lawyers, white-collar employees, and, despite severe repression, they won. The fundamentalist party Jamaat-i-Islami opposed the movement and faced complete isolation. The most popular chants were “Socialism is on the way” and “Food, clothes, shelter.” Ayub was forced to resign. His weak-kneed successor had to permit the country’s first general election, probably the freest in its tormented history.
In his riveting account, written in 1970 in the white heat of events, Tariq Ali offers an eyewitness perspective, showing that this powerful popular movement was the sole real victory of the 1960s revolutionary wave. The election cracked open all the contradictions of the old state, as Ali had predicted. The military and the West Pakistani ruling elite refused to accept the results and embarked on a civil war. The result was the birth of a new state, as East Pakistan broke away to become Bangladesh.
27. From Ayub to Imran: YouTube interview by Tariq Ali.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwbuxXqL8Ms
28. Murder of History by K. K. Aziz.
This book describes the errors in Pakistan’s school textbooks about the history of Pakistan.
https://www.amazon.ca/Murder-History-Critique-Textbooks-Pakistan/dp/9693523555/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1U3588GAHM6GC&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.qlXoTQE1UEGpK4RU_0FtNQ.gX0_a5FkFhARtjLAN3Xep98DqSVY8w0zsWbaATUWm4w&dib_tag=se&keywords=Murder+of+History+by+K.+K.+Aziz&qid=1733526848&s=books&sprefix=murder+of+history+by+k+k+aziz%2Cstripbooks%2C69&sr=1-1
29. Interview with Pakistan Justice Malik Saeed Hassan: YouTube channel Tanazur by Farrukh Sohail Goindy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YE_SR7zIJDQ
Justice Malik Saeed Hassan was one of the Lahore High Court panel of judges conducting the murder trial against Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Upon realizing the biased and vindictive conduct of Justice Molvie Mushtaq, Justice Malik Saeed Hassan took the unprecedented step of resigning in protest from the Lahore High Court.
30. Mera Lahoo: the martyrdom of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: YouTube channel Tanazur by Farrukh Sohail Goindy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4oQ1ucloic
31. Interview with Meraj Mohammad Khan: YouTube channel Tanazur by Farrukh Sohail Goindy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjyiXalsb9M
32. Ten things wrong in Pakistan Studies: Shehzad Ghias YouTube vlog
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFYUHjYDD0Y
33. What happened in 1965: YouTube channel Dekho Suno Jano by Faisal Warraich
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bePe0VPP288
One of the many YouTube uploads by Faisal Warraich about various aspects of Pakistan’s history.
34. What happened in 1971: YouTube channel Dekho Suno Jano by Faisal Warraich
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INwnarofCps
One of the many YouTube uploads by Faisal Warraich about various aspects of Pakistan’s history.
35. Balochistan Crisis of 2024: YouTube vlog by Arslan Zahid Khan.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHl3EwUvQOg
36. Modern Urdu Fiction Writers: A section of my literary website Dareechah containing individual web pages dedicated to 12 writers of the Progressive Writers Movement.
http://www.dareechah.com/urdu_fiction_writers
37. Hum Kahaan se chale thay: A section of my literary website Dareechah featuring web pages on various aspects of the early years of Pakistan’s history.
http://www.dareechah.com/hum_kahaan_se_chale_thay
38. Shahab Naama by Qudratullah Shahab.
https://www.amazon.ca/Shahab-Nama-Hardcover-Qudrat-Ullah/dp/9689766376
An account of events in the 1950s and beyond by the personal secretary of dictator General Ayub Khan. The most widely read book in Pakistan on the history of Pakistan and related events.
39. Alipur ka Aili by Mumtaz Mufti
https://www.amazon.com/Alipur-Ka-Aili-Mumtaz-Mufti/dp/B09BJ1NV69
A revealing and candid autobiography of the foremost writers of Pakistan, Mumtaz Mufti, who was the first to provide an insight into the characters of his short stories by using human psychology. This is Part-1 of his autobiography and details real events in his life from his childhood to the Partition of British India in 1947.
40. Alkh Nagri by Mumtaz Mufti.
https://www.amazon.com/Alakh-Nagri-Mumtaz-Mufti/dp/B07R4S4TL7
This is Part-2 of his autobiography and details real events in his life from 1947 to quite late in his life in Pakistan.
41. Jinnah of Pakistan by Stanley Wolpert.
https://www.amazon.ca/Jinnah-Pakistan-Stanley-Wolpert/dp/0195034120
42. Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His life and times by Stanley Wolpert.
https://www.amazon.ca/Zulfi-Bhutto-Pakistan-Life-Times/dp/0195076613
43. A Case of Exploding Mangoes by Mohammed Hanif.
A fictitious account of what may have led to General Ziaul Haq’s assassination in August, 1988.
https://www.amazon.ca/Case-Exploding-Mangoes-Mohammed-Hanif/dp/0385665032/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3CP2NP3FVFM5X&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.xEj-rvPCICD9KtmifV5P-_be5QweJvp1BMy65igIIMHGjHj071QN20LucGBJIEps.QJ-o5udIDmawkz02EYe-KZUN3OhfHmMrE6vwPNZAT1g&dib_tag=se&keywords=A+Case+of+Exploding+Mangoes&qid=1733527871&s=books&sprefix=a+case+of+exploding+mangoes%2Cstripbooks%2C82&sr=1-1
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